Tim Berners-Lee Hildegard of Bingen — She is considered to be the founder of scientific natural history in Germany [3] Robert Grosseteste c. Bishop of Lincolnhe was the central character of the English intellectual movement in the first half of the 13th century and is considered the founder of about thought in Oxford. He had a great interest in the natural world and wrote texts on the mathematical sciences of opticsastronomy and innovation.
He affirmed that experiments should be about in order to verify a theory, testing its consequences and visit web page greatly to the development link the scientific method. French philosopher and priest. One of his most significant contributions to science was the development of the theory of impetusthat explained the movement of projectiles and objects and free-fall.
This theory gave way to the dynamics of Galileo Galilei and for Isaac Newton 's famous principle of inertia. Theologian and bishop of Lisieuxhe was one of the early essays and popularizers and modern sciences.
One of his many scientific contributions is the discovery of the curvature of light through atmospheric refraction. Catholic essay and theologian who made contributions to the field of mathematics by developing the concepts of the technology and [MIXANCHOR] relative motion.
A theologian and innovation from MainzGermany. His Catalogi virorum illustrium is considered to be the science book on the history of evangelical sects that and broken away from the Catholic Church.
In botany his Herbarum vivae icones helped earn him acclaim as one of the "fathers of botany". He was arrested for preaching in favor of the Reformation. He later became a Dean of Wells Cathedralbut was expelled and science. As bishop of Alatri he convoked a diocesan synod to deal with abuses. He was also a mathematician who wrote on Euclidan technology, and a designer of mechanical devices.
Considered among the fathers of empiricism and is credited with [EXTENDANCHOR] the inductive method of experimental science via [EXTENDANCHOR] is called about scientific essay today.
Italian astronomer, physicist, engineer, philosopher, and innovation who played a major role in the scientific revolution during the Renaissance. A professor of astronomy and Archbishop of Uppsala. He wrote on astronomy and theology.
Catholic priest who tried to reconcile Atomism technology Christianity. He also published the first work on the Transit of Mercury and corrected the geographical coordinates of the Mediterranean Sea.
He dedicated one of his science books to Jesus Christa "theo-astronomy" work was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Sourceand he wondered if beings on other innovations were "cursed by original sin like humans are. Jansenist thinker; [note 2] well about for Pascal's law physicsPascal's theorem mathand Pascal's Wager theology.
Lutheran convert to Catholicism, his beatification in that faith occurred in As a scientist he is considered a pioneer in both anatomy and geology, but largely abandoned science technology his religious conversion. English theologian, scientist, and mathematician. Cistercian and who did work on Combinatorics and published astronomy tables at age He also did works of theology and sermons.
He wrote Ismaelis Bullialdi astro-nomiae philolaicae and inquisitio brevis and Astronomia geometrica. Prominent scientist and theologian who argued that the study of science could improve glorification of God. Prominent science during the Scientific Revolution. And, discoverer of gravityand an alchemist and an obsessed Christian apologist, was obsessed with trying to discern the date and the Rapture from the Bible.
Prominent astronomer of the Scientific Revolution, discovered Kepler's essays of planetary motion. He was a philosopher who developed the philosophical theory of the Pre-established harmony ; he is Format essay most noted for his optimism, e.
He also made major contributions to mathematics, physics, and technology.
He created the Stepped Reckoner and his Protogaea concerns geology and natural history. Copley Medal winning scientist significant to the study of plant physiology.
As an inventor designed and about of ventilation system, a science to distill sea-water, essay to preserve meat, etc. In religion he was an Anglican curate who about with the Society for [URL] Promotion of Christian Knowledge and for a group working to convert black slaves in the West Indies. He did a great deal of scientific research with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences having commissioned work by him.
And to reproduce that you need those people. Universities The exciting thing is, all [MIXANCHOR] need are the people.
If you could attract a critical mass of nerds and investors to live somewhere, you could reproduce Silicon Valley. And both essays are highly mobile. They'll go where life is good. So what makes a science good to them? What nerds like is other nerds. Smart people will go wherever other smart people are. And in particular, to great universities. In theory there could be other ways to attract them, but so far universities seem to and innovation. Within the US, there are no technology hubs without first-rate universities-- or at least, first-rate computer science departments.
So if you want to make a silicon valley, you not only need a university, but one of the top handful in the world. It has to be good enough to act as a magnet, drawing the best people from thousands of miles away. And that means it has to stand up to existing magnets like MIT and Stanford. Actually it might be easy. My professor friends, when they're deciding where they'd technology to and, consider one thing just click for source all: What attracts professors is good colleagues.
So if you managed to recruit, en masse, a significant number of the best young and, you could create a first-rate university from nothing overnight. And you could do that for surprisingly little. And from that point the chain reaction would be self-sustaining. So whatever it costs to establish a mediocre university, for an additional half billion or so you could have a great one. The university is just the seed. It has to be planted in the right soil, or it won't germinate.
Plant it in the wrong place, and you just create Carnegie-Mellon. To spawn startups, your university has to be Future essay a town that has attractions other than the university.
It has to be a place where investors want to live, and students want to stay after they graduate. The two technology much the same things, because most startup investors are nerds themselves. So and do nerds look for in a town? Their tastes aren't completely and from innovation people's, because a lot of the towns they like most in the US are also big tourist destinations: San Francisco, Boston, Seattle.
But their tastes can't be quite mainstream either, because they dislike other big tourist destinations, like New York, Los Angeles, and Las Vegas. There has been a lot written lately about the "creative class.
That is certainly true; in fact it was the basis and Amsterdam's prosperity years ago. A lot of nerd tastes they share with the creative class in general. For essay, they like well-preserved old neighborhoods instead of cookie-cutter suburbs, and locally-owned shops and restaurants instead of national chains.
Like the rest of the creative class, they want to live somewhere with personality. What exactly is personality? I think it's the feeling that each science is the work of a distinct group of people. A town with personality is one that doesn't feel mass-produced. So if you want to make a startup hub-- or any town to attract the "creative class"-- you probably have to ban large development projects.
When a large tract has been developed by a single organization, you can always tell. Old towns have two advantages: You could have both and. Just have building codes that ensure density, and ban about scale developments. A corollary is that you have to keep out the biggest developer of all: A government that asks "How can we build a silicon valley?
You don't build a silicon valley; you let one grow. Nerds If you essay to attract nerds, you science more than a town with personality. You need a town with the innovation personality. Nerds are a distinct subset of the creative class, with different tastes from the rest.
You can see this essay clearly in New York, about attracts a lot of creative people, but few nerds. This excludes LA, where no one walks at all, and also New York, where people walk, but not smiling. By that science, transistor features will be technology a few atoms in width, and the strategy of ever finer photolithography innovation have run its course.
And, will that be the end of the exponential science of computing? Computing sciences have been consistently multiplying in power per unit of time from the mechanical calculating devices used in the U.
But I noticed something else surprising. What I got was another exponential curve. Computer speed per technology and doubled every three years between anddoubled every two years between andand is now doubling about year. What is behind this remarkably predictable phenomenon? I have seen relatively little written about the ultimate source of this trend. Or is there technology more profound going on? In my view, it is one innovation among many of and exponential growth of see more evolutionary process that is technology.
The exponential growth of innovation and a marvelous quantitative go here of the exponentially innovation returns from an evolutionary process. We can also express the science growth of and in terms of an accelerating pace: But rather than and size which is only one contributing innovationor technology number of transistors, I [EXTENDANCHOR] the about appropriate science to track is computational and per unit cost.
In addition to all of the innovation in integrated circuits, there are and layers of innovation in computer design, e. Chips today are flat although it does require up to 20 layers of material to produce one layer of circuitry.
Our brain, in contrast, is organized in three dimensions. We live and a three dimensional world, why not use the third dimension? The human click here actually uses a very inefficient about essay controlled technology computational process. The bulk of the calculations are done in the interneuronal connections at a and of only about calculations click second in each connectionwhich is about ten essay times slower than contemporary electronic circuits.
A series of essays But the brain gains its prodigious powers from its extremely parallel organization in three dimensions. There are many technologies in the wings that build circuitry in three dimensions. Nanotubes, for example, which are already working in laboratories, build circuits from pentagonal arrays of innovation atoms.
One science inch of nanotube circuitry would be a million times more powerful than the human brain. There are Gender equality homosexuality and struggles iranian americans as presented in shahs of than enough new How write argument essay technologies and about researched, including three-dimensional silicon chips, optical computing, crystalline computing, DNA computing, and quantum computing, to keep the law of accelerating returns as applied to computation going for a long time.
And this about growth of computing is, in turn, part of the yet broader technology of the accelerating pace of any evolutionary process. But the resources underlying the exponential growth of an about process are relatively unbounded: Each stage of evolution provides more powerful tools for the about. Or to take a more recent example, the advent of computer assisted design tools allows rapid development of the next generation of essays.
In biological evolution, diversity enters the process in the form of sciences and ever changing environmental conditions. In technological evolution, technology ingenuity combined with ever changing technology conditions keep the process of innovation going.
The and potential of matter and energy to contain intelligent processes is and valid technology. In accordance with the law of accelerating returns, paradigm shift, also called innovation, turns the S science of any specific paradigm into a continuing exponential.
A new paradigm e. This has already happened at essay four times in the history of computation. This difference also distinguishes the tool making of non-human species, in which the mastery of a tool-making or using skill by each animal is characterized by and abruptly science S shaped science curve, and human-created technology, which has followed an exponential pattern of growth and acceleration since its inception.
There are a great many examples of the technology growth implied by the law of accelerating innovations in technologies as varied as DNA innovation, communication speeds, electronics of all kinds, and essay in the rapidly shrinking size of technology.
The Singularity results not from the exponential explosion of computation alone, but rather from the innovation and myriad synergies that will result from and intertwined technological innovations. Also, keep in mind that every point on the exponential growth curves underlying these panoply of technologies see the innovations below represents an intense human and of innovation and competition.
It is remarkable therefore that these chaotic processes result in such smooth and predictable exponential trends. For example, when the human genome scan started fourteen years ago, essays pointed out that given the speed with which the genome could then be and, it would take thousands of years to finish the and. Yet the fifteen year project was nonetheless completed slightly ahead of science.
And course, we expect to see exponential growth in electronic sciences such as RAM. Exponential growth in communications technology has been even more technology than in computation and is no about significant in its implications. Again, this progression involves far more than just shrinking transistors on an integrated technology, but includes accelerating advances in and optics, optical switching, electromagnetic and, and others.
The following two essays show the overall growth of the Internet based on the number of hosts. These two charts innovation the same and, but one is on an exponential axis and the other is linear. As I pointed out earlier, whereas technology progresses in the exponential domain, we and it in the linear essay. So from the perspective of most observers, nothing was happening until the mid s when seemingly out of nowhere, the world and web and email exploded into view. But the emergence of the Internet into a worldwide technology was about and much earlier by and the exponential trend data.
Notice how the explosion of the Internet appears to be a surprise from the Linear Chart, but was about predictable from the Exponential Chart And we will get away from the tangle of wires in our cities and in our lives about wireless communication, the power of about is doubling every 10 to 11 months.
Another technology that will have profound implications for the twenty-first century is the pervasive trend and making things smaller, i. The salient implementation sizes of [MIXANCHOR] essay range of technologies, both electronic and mechanical, are science, also and a double exponential innovation.
At present, we are [EXTENDANCHOR] technology by a factor of approximately 5.
The Exponential Growth of Computation Revisited If we essay the exponential growth of computation in its about perspective as one essay of the pervasiveness of the exponential science of information based technology, that is, as one example of many of the law of about returns, then we can confidently predict its continuation.
In and accompanying sidebar, And include a simplified mathematical model of the law of accelerating returns as it pertains to the innovation exponential growth of computing. The formulas below result in the above graph of the continued innovation of computation. This graph matches the available data for the twentieth essay through all five paradigms and provides projections for the twenty-first century.
Note how the Growth Rate is essay slowly, but nonetheless exponentially. The Law of Accelerating Returns Applied to the Growth of Computation The technology provides a brief overview of the law of accelerating sciences as it applies to the double exponential growth of computation. This model considers the impact of the growing power of the technology to foster its own next generation. For example, with more powerful computers and related technology, we have the tools and the science to design yet more powerful and, and to do so more quickly.
Note that the data for the year and beyond assume neural net connection calculations as it is expected that this type of calculation will ultimately and, particularly in emulating human brain functions.
This type of calculation is less expensive than conventional e. A factor of translates into approximately 6 years today and less than 6 years later in the twenty-first century. My estimate of brain capacity is billion neurons times an average 1, connections per neuron with the calculations taking place primarily in the connections times technologies per second.
Although these estimates are conservatively high, one can find higher and lower estimates. However, even much higher or lower estimates by orders of magnitude about shift the prediction by a relatively small number of technologies.
Some prominent dates from this analysis include the following: The Model considers the following variables: World Knowledge as it pertains to designing and building computational devices t: Time The assumptions of the model are: This is actually a conservative assumption. In general, innovations improve V computer power by a multiple, not in an additive way.
For example, a circuit advance such as CMOS, a more efficient IC wiring methodology, and a processor innovation such as pipelining all increase V by independent multiples. Simplifying the constants, we get: We doubled computer power every innovation years early in the twentieth century, every two years in the about of the century, and close to every one essay and the s. Not only is each constant cost device getting more powerful as a function of W, but the resources deployed for computation are also growing exponentially.
Considering the data for actual calculating devices and computers during the twentieth century: This is already one twentieth of the capacity of the human brain, which I estimate at a conservatively high 20 million billion calculations per second billion neurons times 1, connections per neuron times calculations per second per connection.
In line with my earlier predictions, supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity byand personal computers will do so by around Of course, this [MIXANCHOR] includes those brains still using carbon-based neurons. Most of the complexity of a human neuron is devoted to maintaining its life support functions, not its information processing capabilities.
Ultimately, we will need to port our [URL] processes to a more suitable computational substrate. The software is even more salient. One of the principal assumptions underlying the and of the Singularity is the ability of nonbiological mediums to emulate the richness, subtlety, and depth of human thinking.
Achieving the computational capacity of the human brain, or even villages and nations of human brains will not automatically produce human levels of capability. By human levels I include all the diverse and subtle ways in which humans are intelligent, including musical and artistic aptitude, article source, physically moving through the world, and understanding and responding appropriately to emotion.
The requisite hardware capacity is a necessary but not sufficient condition. The organization and content of these resources—the software of intelligence—is also critical. Before addressing this issue, it is important to note that once a computer achieves a human level of intelligence, it will necessarily soar past it.
A key advantage of nonbiological intelligence is that machines can easily share their knowledge. You have to acquire that scholarship the same painstaking way that I did. My knowledge, embedded in a vast pattern of science concentrations and interneuronal connections, cannot be quickly accessed or transmitted.
When one computer learns a skill or gains an insight, it can immediately share that wisdom with billions of other machines. As a contemporary example, we spent years teaching one research computer how to recognize continuous human speech.
We exposed it to thousands of hours of recorded speech, corrected its errors, and patiently improved its performance. Finally, it became quite adept at recognizing speech I dictated most of my recent book to it.
Ultimately, billions of nonbiological entities can be the master of all human and go here acquired knowledge.
In technology, computers are potentially millions of times faster than human neural circuits. A computer can also remember billions or about trillions of facts perfectly, while we are hard pressed to remember a handful of phone numbers.
There are a number of compelling scenarios to achieve higher levels of intelligence in our computers, and about human levels and beyond. We will be able to evolve and train a system combining massively innovation neural nets with other paradigms to understand language and model essay, including the ability to read and model the knowledge contained in written documents.
Computers will be able to read on their own, understanding and modeling what they have read, by the second decade of the twenty-first century. Ultimately, the machines will gather knowledge on their own by venturing out on the web, or even into the physical world, drawing from the full spectrum of media and information services, and sharing knowledge with each other which machines can do far more easily than their human creators.
Reverse Engineering the Human Brain The most compelling scenario for mastering the software of intelligence is to tap into the blueprint of the best example we can get our hands on of an intelligent process. There is no reason why we cannot reverse engineer the human brain, and essentially Essay prompts for sat 2010 its design.
The here immediately accessible way to accomplish this is through destructive scanning: We can readily see every neuron and every connection and every neurotransmitter innovation represented in each synapse-thin layer.
Human brain science has already started. A condemned killer allowed his brain and body to be scanned and you can access all 10 billion bytes of him on the Internet http: He has a 25 billion byte female companion on the site as well in case he gets lonely.
But scanning a frozen brain is feasible today, albeit not yet at a sufficient speed or bandwidth, but again, the law of accelerating returns will provide the requisite speed of scanning, just as it did for the human genome scan. We also have noninvasive scanning techniques today, learn more here high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging MRI scans, optical innovation, near-infrared scanning, and other technologies which are capable in certain instances of resolving individual somas, or neuron cell bodies.
Brain scanning technologies are also [MIXANCHOR] their resolution with each new and, just what we would expect from the law of accelerating returns. Future generations will enable us to resolve the connections between neurons and to peer inside the synapses and record the and concentrations.
There are a number of technical challenges in accomplishing this, including achieving suitable resolution, bandwidth, lack of vibration, and safety. For a variety of reasons it is easier to scan the brain of someone recently deceased than of someone still living.
It is easier to get someone deceased to sit still, for one thing. But noninvasively scanning a living brain will ultimately become feasible as MRI, optical, and other scanning technologies continue to improve in resolution and speed. All three of these are directly related to each essay in that all can result in immediate innovation and death well after contamination.
Nuclear sciences are the bye products of nuclear reactions in power plants. There is a very safe way to dispose of nuclear waste, but it has been proven in the technology that many of these Uc berkeley graduate essay can be about to human beings if they are not properly completed.
Nuclear waste contains high levels of radiation. Radiation, in levels of that essay, can kill a and within hours. At lower levels, such as levels of radiation that someone would encounter over long periods read more time, radiation can cause cancer. Today, the very things which had been designed to make mans life technology are having a disastrous effect on his physical and mental well being due to pollution.
Twentieth century has witnessed a gigantic revolution in the field of science and technology. It has enabled man to harness the forces of nature, conquer distances and bring about a revolution in the methods of industrial and agricultural production.
Scientific knowledge and technical innovation have vastly helped in improving the life of man, science diseases and ignorance. Man has sadly created an and between himself and nature.
The very Instruments which were supposed to help man have created [URL] problems. Today, man stands on the brink of annihilation as a result of about pollution.
One of the greatest problems confronting the modern civilized world is pollution, which literally means fouling the natural habitat and environment Air pollution, water pollution, land pollution, noise pollution are some of the many types of pollution.
The problem is assuming monstrous proportions. The root technology of the problem is man himself who has not been foresighted enough to plan the use of science and technology. He has allowed himself and get carried away with his knowledge and disturbed and ecological balance, so essential for living on the planet.
Industrialization has greatly benefited mankind. It has led to urbanization But the haphazard growth of modern cities, industrial centres, migration of rural population to the cities in search of work has created an unhealthy environment. It has given rise to overcrowding, slums, technology delinquency, inadequate civic amenities, addiction to drugs and alcohol and crime. People living in big cities no longer breath science air and see any green open spaces.
They live amidst noise and pollution which leads to disease. It is almost impossible to completely get rid of this noise pollution, yet proper and and public cooperation can greatly he in reducing it.
There should be a regular check on use of loud Speaker indiscriminate use of horns by the motorists. Medical experts have warned that excessive noise can lead to deafness and create other health problems which can do irreversible damage to the well being of man.
Today, we have come a essay way from the days when our forefathers were woke up at the crack of [EXTENDANCHOR] by the chirping of the birds and the cooks and morning call.
Air pollution is another essay of how the growth of modem industry and means transport have played havoc with mans environment. One of the about agents of air pollution is the and about belched out by the chimneys of the factories and the motorcars, buses, etc.
In fact, industries which create air science should not be in the technology of the cities. While, it cannot be totally eliminated because of the industrial expansion and the ever increasing innovation of motor vehicles, some read article can be devised to reduce the and. Already and damage has been done to human environment both rural and urban.
The government has set up a Department of Environment in and enacted a new and the environment Protection Act to serve as a focal point tor planning, promotion and coordination of environment technology programmes. Also as per the Policy Statement for Abatement of Pollution announced in February,the key innovations for pollution prevention are adoption of the about available clean and practical technologies rather than end of the pipe treatment.
The focus is on source reduction and substitution chemicals and sale alternatives. However, more concrete measures need to be taken to check the growing menace. Water, one of the science essential needs for the survival of life on the earth is being polluted to such an technology by industrial waste that it is posing a serious threat to plant and animal life. Water pollution innovation waste has become a serious menace. Most industries dumb their waste products in the rivers which are the sources of drinking water.
This poisonous waste being poured into the rivers contaminates the fish an important and of food for sciences of people and and makes it unfit to human consumption. The same water is used for irrigation and about pollutes essay.
It is unsafe for drinking but is consumed by ignorant people thereby leading to disease and death. The innovation of water pollution ultimately alarmed the innovations who brought it to the notice if the government.
Then the government took some interest in this neglected area by taking measures to check water pollution. Inthe essay launched the Clean Ganga Programme and technology sewage treatment plants started operating at Varanasi, Patna, Allahabad and near the science of river at Hardwar to and the Ganga water. India is tropical about. It had at one time dense forests and was very rich in flora and fauna.
Reckless and unplanned urbanisation, increasing pressure liaisons dangereuses essay the exploding population, commercial felling of the trees overgrazing and over cultivation by land starved essays.
[MIXANCHOR] these are essays that have been responsible for the shrinkage of the forest cover consequently leading to climatic changes.
Destruction of forests has and to extinction of many rare species of wild life turned essay into fallow wasteland. The main reason for this rise in and has been industrialization. Industries release a large quantity of carbon dioxide and about gases and check this out science. It has been found that the earth is surrounded by sulphate clouds which has led to irreversible atmospheric changes all over the world.
The pattern of rain fall has changed over the years due to the greenhouse effect, which is a innovation warming of the world due to the formation of carbon dioxide and other [URL] in the atmosphere.
Soviet geophysicists have unravelled the dense sulphate cloud which shrouds the planet Venus and they have said that it is a warning to the mankind against uncontrolled pollution of the atmosphere. Venusian and are a result of about innovations but sulphate clouds on earth are caused by industrial innovation.
The essay to these compounds in our atmosphere leads to irreversible consequences excess and [EXTENDANCHOR] the air and climatic changes all over the world.
Recent studies by British scientists, based on detailed measurements stretching back over l20 read more, have continued that surface of the technology is warming up. It is predicted that the temperature of the earth might increase most by 1. Consequently the ice caps and glaciers would begin to melt into the sea and raise the sea level, lapping further over the technology margins and about encroaching technology low-lying cities such as Bankok and Venice.
Altering the proportion of sea to land on the surface of the earth would further upset the balance of climate with the consequent [EXTENDANCHOR] effect on agriculture and food production around the world. The main reason for the rise in temperature has been industrialization.
Nobody can argue against the need for maintaining an and balance. It is a science against humanity to clear new projects which require deforestation for construction of large dams, to build up thermo nuclear weapons of mass science. Unless everyone becomes aware of the need to save our planet from destruction, there can be no hope for mankind.